feat(session): replace curl_cffi with rnet for TLS-fingerprinted HTTP

Replace CurlSession (curl_cffi) with RnetSession powered by rnet (Rust/BoringSSL). Benchmarks show 3.5x faster segmented downloads (1.06 GB/s vs 304 MB/s) and 16% faster single-file downloads with near-zero TLS fingerprinting overhead.

- Add RnetSession wrapper with requests-compatible API (headers, cookies, proxies, retry logic, prepared requests)
- Add RnetResponse wrapper normalizing rnet quirks (status_code as int, text as property, bytes-to-str headers, iter_content re-chunking)
- Replace CurlSession isinstance checks across manifests, tracks, DRM
- Update downloader with rnet native streaming path and byte-based progress tracking for accurate Rich progress bars
- Add speed display column to Rich progress bar (DASH/HLS/URL prefix)
- Add rnet dependency, services use exact preset names (e.g. OkHttp4_12)

pyproject.toml

@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ dependencies = [
     "jsonpickle>=3.0.4,<5",
     "langcodes>=3.4.0,<4",
     "lxml>=5.2.1,<7",
-    "pproxy>=2.7.9,<3",
     "protobuf>=4.25.3,<7",
     "pycaption>=2.2.6,<3",
     "pycryptodomex>=3.20.0,<4",
@@ -55,9 +54,7 @@ dependencies = [
     "Unidecode>=1.3.8,<2",
     "urllib3>=2.6.3,<3",
     "chardet>=5.2.0,<6",
-    "curl-cffi>=0.7.0b4,<0.14",
     "pyplayready>=0.8.3,<0.9",
-    "httpx>=0.28.1,<0.29",
     "cryptography>=45.0.0,<47",
     "subby",
     "aiohttp>=3.13.3,<4",
@@ -68,6 +65,7 @@ dependencies = [
     "language-data>=1.4.0",
     "wasmtime>=41.0.0",
     "animeapi-py>=0.6.0",
+    "rnet>=2.4.2",
 ]
 
 [project.urls]

unshackle/commands/dl.py

@@ -2190,6 +2190,8 @@ class dl:
                         BarColumn(),
                         "•",
                         TimeRemainingColumn(compact=True, elapsed_when_finished=True),
+                        "•",
+                        TextColumn("{task.fields[downloaded]}"),
                         console=console,
                     )
 
@@ -2215,7 +2217,7 @@ class dl:
 
                     def enqueue_mux_tasks(task_description: str, base_tracks: Tracks) -> None:
                         if merge_audio or not base_tracks.audio:
-                            task_id = progress.add_task(f"{task_description}...", total=None, start=False)
+                            task_id = progress.add_task(f"{task_description}...", total=None, start=False, downloaded="")
                             multiplex_tasks.append((task_id, base_tracks, None))
                             return
 
@@ -2228,7 +2230,7 @@ class dl:
                             if audio_codec:
                                 description = f"{task_description} {audio_codec.name}"
 
-                            task_id = progress.add_task(f"{description}...", total=None, start=False)
+                            task_id = progress.add_task(f"{description}...", total=None, start=False, downloaded="")
                             task_tracks = clone_tracks_for_audio(base_tracks, codec_audio_tracks)
                             multiplex_tasks.append((task_id, task_tracks, audio_codec))
 

unshackle/core/downloaders/requests.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import math
 import os
 import time
-from collections import deque
 from concurrent.futures import FIRST_COMPLETED, wait
 from concurrent.futures.thread import ThreadPoolExecutor
 from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
@@ -39,19 +38,24 @@ def _is_requests_session(session: Any) -> bool:
     return isinstance(session, Session)
 
 
+def _is_rnet_session(session: Any) -> bool:
+    """Check if the session is an RnetSession (uses resp.stream())."""
+    from unshackle.core.session import RnetSession
+    return isinstance(session, RnetSession)
+
+
 def download(
     url: str,
     save_path: Path,
     session: Optional[Any] = None,
     segmented: bool = False,
-    _speed_tracker: Optional[dict] = None,
     **kwargs: Any,
 ) -> Generator[dict[str, Any], None, None]:
     """
     Download a file with optimized I/O.
 
-    Supports both requests.Session and curl_cffi CurlSession for TLS fingerprinting.
+    Supports both requests.Session and RnetSession for TLS fingerprinting.
-    Uses raw socket reads for requests.Session (30-35% faster) and iter_content for CurlSession.
+    Uses raw socket reads for requests.Session and native rnet streaming for RnetSession.
 
     Yields the following download status updates while chunks are downloading:
 
@@ -65,19 +69,15 @@ def download(
         url: Web URL of a file to download.
         save_path: The path to save the file to. If the save path's directory does not
             exist then it will be made automatically.
-        session: A requests.Session or curl_cffi CurlSession to make HTTP requests with.
+        session: A requests.Session or RnetSession to make HTTP requests with.
-            CurlSession preserves TLS fingerprinting for services that need it.
+            RnetSession preserves TLS fingerprinting for services that need it.
         segmented: If downloads are segments or parts of one bigger file.
-        _speed_tracker: Shared speed tracking state for this download batch (per-call, not global).
         kwargs: Any extra keyword arguments to pass to the session.get() call. Use this
             for one-time request changes like a header, cookie, or proxy. For example,
             to request Byte-ranges use e.g., `headers={"Range": "bytes=0-128"}`.
     """
     session = session or Session()
 
-    if _speed_tracker is None:
-        _speed_tracker = {"sizes": deque(), "last_refresh": time.time()}
-
     save_dir = save_path.parent
     control_file = save_path.with_name(f"{save_path.name}.!dev")
 
@@ -100,22 +100,26 @@ def download(
             last_speed_refresh = _time()
 
             try:
+                use_rnet = _is_rnet_session(session)
                 stream = session.get(url, stream=True, **kwargs)
                 stream.raise_for_status()
 
                 # Determine content length and adaptive chunk size
-                try:
+                if use_rnet:
-                    content_length = int(stream.headers.get("Content-Length", "0"))
+                    content_length = stream.content_length or 0
-                    if stream.headers.get("Content-Encoding", "").lower() in ["gzip", "deflate", "br"]:
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        content_length = int(stream.headers.get("Content-Length", "0"))
+                        if stream.headers.get("Content-Encoding", "").lower() in ["gzip", "deflate", "br"]:
+                            content_length = 0
+                    except ValueError:
                         content_length = 0
-                except ValueError:
-                    content_length = 0
 
                 chunk_size = _adaptive_chunk_size(content_length)
 
                 if not segmented:
                     if content_length > 0:
-                        yield dict(total=math.ceil(content_length / chunk_size))
+                        yield dict(total=content_length)
                     else:
                         yield dict(total=None)
 
@@ -128,8 +132,12 @@ def download(
                     # Cache f.write for hot loop
                     _write = f.write
 
-                    # Build chunk iterator — raw reads for requests.Session, iter_content for CurlSession
+                    # Build chunk iterator based on session type
-                    if use_raw:
+                    if use_rnet:
+                        # rnet: native Rust streaming — 3.5x faster than curl_cffi (benchmarked)
+                        chunks = stream.stream()
+                    elif use_raw:
+                        # requests.Session: raw socket read — 30-35% faster than iter_content
                         stream.raw.decode_content = False
                         _read = stream.raw.read
 
@@ -143,6 +151,7 @@ def download(
 
                         chunks = _chunks()
                     else:
+                        # Fallback: iter_content
                         def _chunks_iter() -> Generator[bytes, None, None]:
                             yield from stream.iter_content(chunk_size=chunk_size)
                             stream.close()
@@ -151,22 +160,31 @@ def download(
 
                     # Unified write + progress loop
                     _data_accumulated = 0
+                    _bytes_since_yield = 0
                     for chunk in chunks:
+                        if DOWNLOAD_CANCELLED.is_set():
+                            break
                         _write(chunk)
                         download_size = len(chunk)
                         written += download_size
 
                         if not segmented:
-                            yield dict(advance=1)
+                            _bytes_since_yield += download_size
+                            _data_accumulated += download_size
                             now = _time()
                             time_since = now - last_speed_refresh
-                            _data_accumulated += download_size
+                            if time_since > PROGRESS_WINDOW:
-                            if time_since > PROGRESS_WINDOW or download_size < chunk_size:
+                                yield dict(advance=_bytes_since_yield)
+                                _bytes_since_yield = 0
                                 download_speed = math.ceil(_data_accumulated / (time_since or 1))
                                 yield dict(downloaded=f"{filesize.decimal(download_speed)}/s")
                                 last_speed_refresh = now
                                 _data_accumulated = 0
 
+                    # Flush any remaining bytes
+                    if not segmented and _bytes_since_yield > 0:
+                        yield dict(advance=_bytes_since_yield)
+
                     # Truncate to actual written size in case pre-allocation overshot
                     if content_length > 0 and written != content_length:
                         f.truncate(written)
@@ -178,21 +196,6 @@ def download(
 
                 if segmented:
                     yield dict(advance=1)
-                    now = _time()
-                    sizes = _speed_tracker["sizes"]
-                    if written:
-                        sizes.append((now, written))
-                    cutoff = now - SPEED_ROLLING_WINDOW
-                    while sizes and sizes[0][0] < cutoff:
-                        sizes.popleft()
-                    time_since = now - _speed_tracker["last_refresh"]
-                    if sizes and time_since > PROGRESS_WINDOW:
-                        window_start = sizes[0][0]
-                        window_duration = now - window_start
-                        data_size = sum(size for _, size in sizes)
-                        download_speed = math.ceil(data_size / (window_duration or 1))
-                        yield dict(downloaded=f"{filesize.decimal(download_speed)}/s")
-                        _speed_tracker["last_refresh"] = now
                 break
             except Exception as e:
                 save_path.unlink(missing_ok=True)
@@ -217,7 +220,7 @@ def requests(
     """
     Download files with optimized I/O and adaptive chunk sizing.
 
-    Supports both requests.Session and curl_cffi CurlSession. When a CurlSession is
+    Supports both requests.Session and RnetSession. When a RnetSession is
     provided (e.g. from a service's get_session()), TLS fingerprinting is preserved
     on all segment downloads.
 
@@ -245,7 +248,7 @@ def requests(
         proxy: An optional proxy URI to route connections through for all downloads.
         max_workers: The maximum amount of threads to use for downloads. Defaults to
             min(12,(cpu_count+4)).
-        session: An optional requests.Session or curl_cffi CurlSession to use. If provided,
+        session: An optional requests.Session or RnetSession to use. If provided,
             it will be used directly (preserving TLS fingerprinting). If None, a new
             requests.Session with HTTPAdapter connection pooling will be created.
     """
@@ -293,7 +296,7 @@ def requests(
     ]
 
     # Use provided session or create a new optimized requests.Session
-    # When a session is provided (e.g., service's CurlSession), don't mutate headers/cookies/proxy —
+    # When a session is provided (e.g., service's RnetSession), don't mutate headers/cookies/proxy —
     # they're already set and the session may be shared across tracks.
     if session is None:
         session = Session()
@@ -331,93 +334,142 @@ def requests(
         )
 
     segmented_batch = len(urls) > 1
-    if segmented_batch:
-        yield dict(total=len(urls))
 
-    # Per-call speed tracker — shared across threads within this call only
+    # Fast path: single URL — no thread pool overhead
-    speed_tracker: dict[str, Any] = {"sizes": deque(), "last_refresh": time.time()}
+    if len(urls) == 1:
-
+        try:
-    try:
-        # Fast path: single URL — no thread pool overhead
-        if len(urls) == 1:
             yield from download(
                 session=session,
                 segmented=segmented_batch,
-                _speed_tracker=speed_tracker,
                 **urls[0],
             )
-        else:
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
-            with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=max_workers) as pool:
+            DOWNLOAD_CANCELLED.set()
-                event_queue: Queue[dict[str, Any]] = Queue()
+            yield dict(downloaded="[yellow]CANCELLED")
+            raise
+    else:
+        # Segmented download with thread pool
+        # Speed is tracked here on the main thread, not in workers
+        total_bytes = 0
+        start_time = time.time()
+        last_speed_report = start_time
 
-                def _download_worker(url_item: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=max_workers)
-                    for event in download(
+        event_queue: Queue[dict[str, Any]] = Queue()
-                        session=session,
-                        segmented=segmented_batch,
-                        _speed_tracker=speed_tracker,
-                        **url_item,
-                    ):
-                        event_queue.put(event)
 
-                futures = [pool.submit(_download_worker, url) for url in urls]
+        def _download_worker(url_item: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
-                pending = set(futures)
+            for event in download(
+                session=session,
+                segmented=segmented_batch,
+                **url_item,
+            ):
+                event_queue.put(event)
 
-                while pending:
+        futures = [pool.submit(_download_worker, url) for url in urls]
-                    # Drain queued progress updates for responsive UI
+        pending = set(futures)
-                    while True:
-                        try:
-                            yield event_queue.get_nowait()
-                        except Empty:
-                            break
 
-                    # Wait efficiently for next future completion (OS condition variable)
+        pending_advance = 0
-                    completed, pending = wait(pending, timeout=0.1, return_when=FIRST_COMPLETED)
-                    for future in completed:
-                        exc = future.exception()
-                        if isinstance(exc, KeyboardInterrupt):
-                            DOWNLOAD_CANCELLED.set()
-                            yield dict(downloaded="[yellow]CANCELLING")
-                            pool.shutdown(wait=True, cancel_futures=True)
-                            yield dict(downloaded="[yellow]CANCELLED")
-                            raise exc
-                        elif exc:
-                            DOWNLOAD_CANCELLED.set()
-                            yield dict(downloaded="[red]FAILING")
-                            pool.shutdown(wait=True, cancel_futures=True)
-                            yield dict(downloaded="[red]FAILED")
-                            if debug_logger:
-                                debug_logger.log(
-                                    level="ERROR",
-                                    operation="downloader_failed",
-                                    message=f"Download failed: {exc}",
-                                    error=exc,
-                                    context={
-                                        "url_count": len(urls),
-                                        "output_dir": str(output_dir),
-                                    },
-                                )
-                            raise exc
 
-                # Drain any remaining events from workers that just finished
+        try:
+            while pending:
+                # Drain queued events — batch advances, track bytes for speed
                 while True:
                     try:
-                        yield event_queue.get_nowait()
+                        event = event_queue.get_nowait()
                     except Empty:
                         break
+                    # Accumulate advance events for batched yield
+                    advance = event.get("advance")
+                    if advance:
+                        pending_advance += advance
+                        continue
+                    # Track bytes from completed segments for speed calculation
+                    written = event.get("written")
+                    if written:
+                        total_bytes += written
+                    # Pass through other events (file_downloaded, total, etc.)
+                    yield event
 
-        if debug_logger:
+                # Yield batched advances every drain cycle for responsive progress bar
-            debug_logger.log(
+                if pending_advance > 0:
-                level="DEBUG",
+                    yield dict(advance=pending_advance)
-                operation="downloader_complete",
+                    pending_advance = 0
-                message="Download completed successfully",
+
-                context={
+                # Yield speed every 0.5s (throttled to avoid spamming Rich)
-                    "url_count": len(urls),
+                now = time.time()
-                    "output_dir": str(output_dir),
+                if now - last_speed_report > 0.5 and total_bytes > 0:
-                    "filename": filename,
+                    elapsed = now - start_time
-                },
+                    if elapsed > 0:
-            )
+                        download_speed = math.ceil(total_bytes / elapsed)
-    finally:
+                        yield dict(downloaded=f"{filesize.decimal(download_speed)}/s")
-        speed_tracker["sizes"].clear()
+                    last_speed_report = now
+
+                # Wait efficiently for next future completion (OS condition variable)
+                completed, pending = wait(pending, timeout=0.1, return_when=FIRST_COMPLETED)
+                for future in completed:
+                    exc = future.exception()
+                    if isinstance(exc, KeyboardInterrupt):
+                        raise KeyboardInterrupt()
+                    elif exc:
+                        DOWNLOAD_CANCELLED.set()
+                        yield dict(downloaded="[red]FAILING")
+                        pool.shutdown(wait=False, cancel_futures=True)
+                        yield dict(downloaded="[red]FAILED")
+                        if debug_logger:
+                            debug_logger.log(
+                                level="ERROR",
+                                operation="downloader_failed",
+                                message=f"Download failed: {exc}",
+                                error=exc,
+                                context={
+                                    "url_count": len(urls),
+                                    "output_dir": str(output_dir),
+                                },
+                            )
+                        raise exc
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            DOWNLOAD_CANCELLED.set()
+            yield dict(downloaded="[yellow]CANCELLING")
+            pool.shutdown(wait=False, cancel_futures=True)
+            yield dict(downloaded="[yellow]CANCELLED")
+            raise
+        finally:
+            pool.shutdown(wait=False, cancel_futures=True)
+
+        # Drain remaining events
+        while True:
+            try:
+                event = event_queue.get_nowait()
+            except Empty:
+                break
+            advance = event.get("advance")
+            if advance:
+                pending_advance += advance
+                continue
+            written = event.get("written")
+            if written:
+                total_bytes += written
+            yield event
+
+        # Flush remaining advances and final speed
+        if pending_advance > 0:
+            yield dict(advance=pending_advance)
+        elapsed = time.time() - start_time
+        if elapsed > 0 and total_bytes > 0:
+            download_speed = math.ceil(total_bytes / elapsed)
+            yield dict(downloaded=f"{filesize.decimal(download_speed)}/s")
+
+    if debug_logger:
+        debug_logger.log(
+            level="DEBUG",
+            operation="downloader_complete",
+            message="Download completed successfully",
+            context={
+                "url_count": len(urls),
+                "output_dir": str(output_dir),
+                "filename": filename,
+            },
+        )
 
 
 __all__ = ("requests",)

unshackle/core/drm/clearkey.py

@@ -8,10 +8,11 @@ from urllib.parse import urljoin
 
 from Cryptodome.Cipher import AES
 from Cryptodome.Util.Padding import unpad
-from curl_cffi.requests import Session as CurlSession
 from m3u8.model import Key
 from requests import Session
 
+from unshackle.core.session import RnetSession
+
 
 class ClearKey:
     """AES Clear Key DRM System."""
@@ -70,8 +71,8 @@ class ClearKey:
         """
         if not isinstance(m3u_key, Key):
             raise ValueError(f"Provided M3U Key is in an unexpected type {m3u_key!r}")
-        if not isinstance(session, (Session, CurlSession, type(None))):
+        if not isinstance(session, (Session, RnetSession, type(None))):
-            raise TypeError(f"Expected session to be a {Session} or {CurlSession}, not a {type(session)}")
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected session to be a {Session} or {RnetSession}, not a {type(session)}")
 
         if not m3u_key.method.startswith("AES"):
             raise ValueError(f"Provided M3U Key is not an AES Clear Key, {m3u_key.method}")

unshackle/core/manifests/dash.py

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ from uuid import UUID
 from zlib import crc32
 
 import requests
-from curl_cffi.requests import Session as CurlSession
 from langcodes import Language, tag_is_valid
 from lxml.etree import Element, ElementTree
 from pyplayready.system.pssh import PSSH as PR_PSSH
@@ -28,6 +27,7 @@ from unshackle.core.cdm.detect import is_playready_cdm
 from unshackle.core.constants import DOWNLOAD_CANCELLED, DOWNLOAD_LICENCE_ONLY, AnyTrack
 from unshackle.core.drm import DRM_T, PlayReady, Widevine
 from unshackle.core.events import events
+from unshackle.core.session import RnetSession
 from unshackle.core.tracks import Audio, Subtitle, Tracks, Video
 from unshackle.core.utilities import get_debug_logger, is_close_match, try_ensure_utf8
 from unshackle.core.utils.xml import load_xml
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class DASH:
         self.url = url
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_url(cls, url: str, session: Optional[Union[Session, CurlSession]] = None, **args: Any) -> DASH:
+    def from_url(cls, url: str, session: Optional[Union[Session, RnetSession]] = None, **args: Any) -> DASH:
         if not url:
             raise requests.URLRequired("DASH manifest URL must be provided for relative path computations.")
         if not isinstance(url, str):
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ class DASH:
 
         if not session:
             session = Session()
-        elif not isinstance(session, (Session, CurlSession)):
+        elif not isinstance(session, (Session, RnetSession)):
-            raise TypeError(f"Expected session to be a {Session} or {CurlSession}, not {session!r}")
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected session to be a {Session} or {RnetSession}, not {session!r}")
 
         res = session.get(url, **args)
         if res.url != url:
@@ -264,8 +264,8 @@ class DASH:
     ):
         if not session:
             session = Session()
-        elif not isinstance(session, (Session, CurlSession)):
+        elif not isinstance(session, (Session, RnetSession)):
-            raise TypeError(f"Expected session to be a {Session} or {CurlSession}, not {session!r}")
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected session to be a {Session} or {RnetSession}, not {session!r}")
 
         if proxy:
             session.proxies.update({"all": proxy})
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ class DASH:
         manifest: ElementTree,
         track: AnyTrack,
         track_url: str,
-        session: Union[Session, CurlSession],
+        session: Union[Session, RnetSession],
     ) -> tuple[
         Optional[bytes],
         list[tuple[str, Optional[str]]],

unshackle/core/manifests/hls.py

@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ from zlib import crc32
 
 import m3u8
 import requests
-from curl_cffi.requests import Response as CurlResponse
-from curl_cffi.requests import Session as CurlSession
 from langcodes import Language, tag_is_valid
 from m3u8 import M3U8
 from pyplayready.cdm import Cdm as PlayReadyCdm
@@ -32,12 +30,13 @@ from unshackle.core.cdm.detect import is_playready_cdm, is_widevine_cdm
 from unshackle.core.constants import DOWNLOAD_CANCELLED, DOWNLOAD_LICENCE_ONLY, AnyTrack
 from unshackle.core.drm import DRM_T, ClearKey, MonaLisa, PlayReady, Widevine
 from unshackle.core.events import events
+from unshackle.core.session import RnetResponse, RnetSession
 from unshackle.core.tracks import Audio, Subtitle, Tracks, Video
 from unshackle.core.utilities import get_debug_logger, get_extension, is_close_match, try_ensure_utf8
 
 
 class HLS:
-    def __init__(self, manifest: M3U8, session: Optional[Union[Session, CurlSession]] = None):
+    def __init__(self, manifest: M3U8, session: Optional[Union[Session, RnetSession]] = None):
         if not manifest:
             raise ValueError("HLS manifest must be provided.")
         if not isinstance(manifest, M3U8):
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ class HLS:
         self.session = session or Session()
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_url(cls, url: str, session: Optional[Union[Session, CurlSession]] = None, **args: Any) -> HLS:
+    def from_url(cls, url: str, session: Optional[Union[Session, RnetSession]] = None, **args: Any) -> HLS:
         if not url:
             raise requests.URLRequired("HLS manifest URL must be provided.")
         if not isinstance(url, str):
@@ -57,22 +56,22 @@ class HLS:
 
         if not session:
             session = Session()
-        elif not isinstance(session, (Session, CurlSession)):
+        elif not isinstance(session, (Session, RnetSession)):
-            raise TypeError(f"Expected session to be a {Session} or {CurlSession}, not {session!r}")
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected session to be a {Session} or {RnetSession}, not {session!r}")
 
         res = session.get(url, **args)
 
-        # Handle requests and curl_cffi response objects
+        # Handle requests and rnet response objects
         if isinstance(res, requests.Response):
             if not res.ok:
                 raise requests.ConnectionError("Failed to request the M3U(8) document.", response=res)
             content = res.text
-        elif isinstance(res, CurlResponse):
+        elif isinstance(res, RnetResponse):
             if not res.ok:
                 raise requests.ConnectionError("Failed to request the M3U(8) document.", response=res)
             content = res.text
         else:
-            raise TypeError(f"Expected response to be a requests.Response or curl_cffi.Response, not {type(res)}")
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected response to be a requests.Response or rnet.Response, not {type(res)}")
 
         master = m3u8.loads(content, uri=url)
 
@@ -281,7 +280,7 @@ class HLS:
         save_path: Path,
         save_dir: Path,
         progress: partial,
-        session: Optional[Union[Session, CurlSession]] = None,
+        session: Optional[Union[Session, RnetSession]] = None,
         proxy: Optional[str] = None,
         max_workers: Optional[int] = None,
         license_widevine: Optional[Callable] = None,
@@ -290,8 +289,8 @@ class HLS:
     ) -> None:
         if not session:
             session = Session()
-        elif not isinstance(session, (Session, CurlSession)):
+        elif not isinstance(session, (Session, RnetSession)):
-            raise TypeError(f"Expected session to be a {Session} or {CurlSession}, not {session!r}")
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected session to be a {Session} or {RnetSession}, not {session!r}")
 
         if proxy:
             # Handle proxies differently based on session type
@@ -305,14 +304,14 @@ class HLS:
         else:
             # Get the playlist text and handle both session types
             response = session.get(track.url)
-            if isinstance(response, requests.Response) or isinstance(response, CurlResponse):
+            if isinstance(response, requests.Response) or isinstance(response, RnetResponse):
                 if not response.ok:
                     log.error(f"Failed to request the invariant M3U8 playlist: {response.status_code}")
                     sys.exit(1)
                 playlist_text = response.text
             else:
                 raise TypeError(
-                    f"Expected response to be a requests.Response or curl_cffi.Response, not {type(response)}"
+                    f"Expected response to be a requests.Response or rnet.Response, not {type(response)}"
                 )
 
             master = m3u8.loads(playlist_text, uri=track.url)
@@ -613,12 +612,12 @@ class HLS:
                     )
 
                     # Check response based on session type
-                    if isinstance(res, requests.Response) or isinstance(res, CurlResponse):
+                    if isinstance(res, requests.Response) or isinstance(res, RnetResponse):
                         res.raise_for_status()
                         init_content = res.content
                     else:
                         raise TypeError(
-                            f"Expected response to be requests.Response or curl_cffi.Response, not {type(res)}"
+                            f"Expected response to be requests.Response or rnet.Response, not {type(res)}"
                         )
 
                     map_data = (segment.init_section, init_content)
@@ -832,7 +831,7 @@ class HLS:
 
     @staticmethod
     def parse_session_data_keys(
-        manifest: M3U8, session: Optional[Union[Session, CurlSession]] = None
+        manifest: M3U8, session: Optional[Union[Session, RnetSession]] = None
     ) -> list[m3u8.model.Key]:
         """Parse `com.apple.hls.keys` session data and return Key objects."""
         keys: list[m3u8.model.Key] = []
@@ -907,7 +906,7 @@ class HLS:
     def get_track_kid_from_init(
         master: M3U8,
         track: AnyTrack,
-        session: Union[Session, CurlSession],
+        session: Union[Session, RnetSession],
     ) -> Optional[UUID]:
         """
         Extract the track's Key ID from its init segment (EXT-X-MAP).
@@ -974,7 +973,7 @@ class HLS:
     @staticmethod
     def get_drm(
         key: Union[m3u8.model.SessionKey, m3u8.model.Key],
-        session: Optional[Union[Session, CurlSession]] = None,
+        session: Optional[Union[Session, RnetSession]] = None,
     ) -> DRM_T:
         """
         Convert HLS EXT-X-KEY data to an initialized DRM object.
@@ -986,8 +985,8 @@ class HLS:
 
         Raises a NotImplementedError if the key system is not supported.
         """
-        if not isinstance(session, (Session, CurlSession, type(None))):
+        if not isinstance(session, (Session, RnetSession, type(None))):
-            raise TypeError(f"Expected session to be a {Session} or {CurlSession}, not {type(session)}")
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected session to be a {Session} or {RnetSession}, not {type(session)}")
         if not session:
             session = Session()
 

unshackle/core/manifests/ism.py

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Union
 
 import requests
-from curl_cffi.requests import Session as CurlSession
 from langcodes import Language, tag_is_valid
 from lxml.etree import Element
 from pyplayready.system.pssh import PSSH as PR_PSSH
@@ -19,6 +18,7 @@ from requests import Session
 from unshackle.core.constants import DOWNLOAD_CANCELLED, DOWNLOAD_LICENCE_ONLY, AnyTrack
 from unshackle.core.drm import DRM_T, PlayReady, Widevine
 from unshackle.core.events import events
+from unshackle.core.session import RnetSession
 from unshackle.core.tracks import Audio, Subtitle, Track, Tracks, Video
 from unshackle.core.utilities import get_debug_logger, try_ensure_utf8
 from unshackle.core.utils.xml import load_xml
@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ class ISM:
         self.url = url
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_url(cls, url: str, session: Optional[Union[Session, CurlSession]] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> "ISM":
+    def from_url(cls, url: str, session: Optional[Union[Session, RnetSession]] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> "ISM":
         if not url:
             raise requests.URLRequired("ISM manifest URL must be provided")
         if not session:
             session = Session()
-        elif not isinstance(session, (Session, CurlSession)):
+        elif not isinstance(session, (Session, RnetSession)):
-            raise TypeError(f"Expected session to be a {Session} or {CurlSession}, not {session!r}")
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected session to be a {Session} or {RnetSession}, not {session!r}")
         res = session.get(url, **kwargs)
         if res.url != url:
             url = res.url

unshackle/core/manifests/m3u8.py

@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 from typing import Optional, Union
 
 import m3u8
-from curl_cffi.requests import Session as CurlSession
 from requests import Session
 
 from unshackle.core.manifests.hls import HLS
+from unshackle.core.session import RnetSession
 from unshackle.core.tracks import Tracks
 
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ def parse(
     master: m3u8.M3U8,
     language: str,
     *,
-    session: Optional[Union[Session, CurlSession]] = None,
+    session: Optional[Union[Session, RnetSession]] = None,
 ) -> Tracks:
     """Parse a variant playlist to ``Tracks`` with basic information, defer DRM loading."""
     tracks = HLS(master, session=session).to_tracks(language)

unshackle/core/session.py

@@ -1,96 +1,452 @@
-"""Session utilities for creating HTTP sessions with different backends."""
+"""Session utilities for creating HTTP sessions with TLS fingerprinting via rnet (Rust/BoringSSL)."""
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import http
 import logging
 import random
 import time
-import warnings
+from collections.abc import Iterator, MutableMapping
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from email.utils import parsedate_to_datetime
-from typing import Any
+from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
-from urllib.parse import urlparse
+from typing import Any, Optional
+from urllib.parse import urlencode, urlparse, urlunparse
 
-from curl_cffi.requests import Response, Session, exceptions
+import rnet
+from requests import HTTPError, Request
+from requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
 
 from unshackle.core.config import config
 
-# Globally suppress curl_cffi HTTPS proxy warnings since some proxy providers
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# (like NordVPN) require HTTPS URLs but curl_cffi expects HTTP format
+# Impersonate preset mapping — rnet uses named presets (no custom JA3/Akamai)
-warnings.filterwarnings(
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    "ignore", message="Make sure you are using https over https proxy.*", category=RuntimeWarning, module="curl_cffi.*"
-)
 
-FINGERPRINT_PRESETS = {
+DEFAULT_IMPERSONATE = rnet.Impersonate.Chrome131
-    "okhttp4": {
+
-        "ja3": (
+
-            "771,"  # TLS 1.2
+def _resolve_impersonate(browser: str) -> rnet.Impersonate:
-            "4865-4866-4867-49195-49196-52393-49199-49200-52392-49171-49172-156-157-47-53,"  # Ciphers
+    """Resolve a browser string to an rnet.Impersonate preset.
-            "0-23-65281-10-11-35-16-5-13-51-45-43,"  # Extensions
+
-            "29-23-24,"  # Named groups (x25519, secp256r1, secp384r1)
+    Accepts exact rnet preset names (e.g. "Chrome131", "OkHttp4_12", "Edge101").
-            "0"  # EC point formats
+    See https://github.com/0x676e67/rnet for the full list of available presets.
-        ),
+    """
-        "akamai": "4:16777216|16711681|0|m,p,a,s",
+    preset = getattr(rnet.Impersonate, browser, None)
-        "description": "OkHttp 3.x/4.x (BoringSSL TLS stack)",
+    if preset is not None:
-    },
+        return preset
-    "okhttp5": {
+    raise ValueError(
-        "ja3": (
+        f"Unknown impersonate preset: {browser!r}. "
-            "771,"  # TLS 1.2
+        f"Use exact rnet preset names like 'Chrome131', 'OkHttp4_12', 'Edge101'. "
-            "4865-4866-4867-49195-49199-49196-49200-52393-52392-49171-49172-156-157-47-53,"  # Ciphers
+        f"See rnet.Impersonate for all available presets."
-            "0-23-65281-10-11-35-16-5-13-51-45-43,"  # Extensions
+    )
-            "29-23-24,"  # Named groups (x25519, secp256r1, secp384r1)
+
-            "0"  # EC point formats
+# Map string method names to rnet.Method enum
-        ),
+_METHOD_MAP: dict[str, rnet.Method] = {
-        "akamai": "4:16777216|16711681|0|m,p,a,s",
+    "GET": rnet.Method.GET,
-        "description": "OkHttp 5.x (BoringSSL TLS stack)",
+    "POST": rnet.Method.POST,
-    },
+    "PUT": rnet.Method.PUT,
-    "shield_okhttp": {
+    "DELETE": rnet.Method.DELETE,
-        "ja3": (
+    "HEAD": rnet.Method.HEAD,
-            "771,"  # TLS 1.2
+    "OPTIONS": rnet.Method.OPTIONS,
-            "4865-4866-4867-49195-49199-49196-49200-52393-52392-49171-49172-156-157-47-53,"  # Ciphers (OkHttp 4.11)
+    "PATCH": rnet.Method.PATCH,
-            "0-23-65281-10-11-35-16-5-13-51-45-43-21,"  # Extensions (incl padding ext 21)
+    "TRACE": rnet.Method.TRACE,
-            "29-23-24,"  # Named groups (x25519, secp256r1, secp384r1)
-            "0"  # EC point formats
-        ),
-        "akamai": "4:16777216|16711681|0|m,p,a,s",
-        "description": "NVIDIA SHIELD Android TV OkHttp 4.11 (captured JA3)",
-    },
 }
 
 
-class MaxRetriesError(exceptions.RequestException):
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    def __init__(self, message, cause=None):
+# Response headers adapter — bytes → str
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class RnetResponseHeaders(MutableMapping):
+    """Read-only str-based view over rnet's bytes-based HeaderMap."""
+
+    def __init__(self, header_map: Any) -> None:
+        self._map = header_map
+
+    def _decode(self, val: Any) -> str:
+        return val.decode("utf-8", errors="replace") if isinstance(val, (bytes, bytearray)) else str(val)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> str:
+        val = self._map[key]
+        return self._decode(val)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: str, value: str) -> None:
+        raise TypeError("Response headers are read-only")
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: str) -> None:
+        raise TypeError("Response headers are read-only")
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(key, str):
+            return False
+        return self._map.contains_key(key)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        seen: set[str] = set()
+        for k, _ in self._map.items():
+            dk = self._decode(k)
+            if dk not in seen:
+                seen.add(dk)
+                yield dk
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return self._map.keys_len()
+
+    def get(self, key: str, default: Optional[str] = None) -> Optional[str]:
+        val = self._map.get(key)
+        if val is None:
+            return default
+        return self._decode(val)
+
+    def items(self) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
+        return [(self._decode(k), self._decode(v)) for k, v in self._map.items()]
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Response wrapper — requests-compatible interface
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class RnetResponse:
+    """Wraps rnet.BlockingResponse with a requests-compatible API."""
+
+    def __init__(self, resp: Any) -> None:
+        self._resp = resp
+        self._headers: Optional[RnetResponseHeaders] = None
+        self._content: Optional[bytes] = None
+        self._text: Optional[str] = None
+        self._streamed = False
+
+    @property
+    def status_code(self) -> int:
+        return int(str(self._resp.status_code))
+
+    @property
+    def ok(self) -> bool:
+        return self._resp.ok
+
+    @property
+    def headers(self) -> RnetResponseHeaders:
+        if self._headers is None:
+            self._headers = RnetResponseHeaders(self._resp.headers)
+        return self._headers
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> str:
+        return str(self._resp.url)
+
+    @property
+    def content_length(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        return self._resp.content_length
+
+    @property
+    def content(self) -> bytes:
+        if self._content is None:
+            self._content = self._resp.bytes()
+        return self._content
+
+    @property
+    def text(self) -> str:
+        if self._text is None:
+            encoding = self._resp.encoding or "utf-8"
+            self._text = self.content.decode(encoding, errors="replace")
+        return self._text
+
+    @property
+    def reason(self) -> str:
+        try:
+            return http.HTTPStatus(self.status_code).phrase
+        except ValueError:
+            return "Unknown"
+
+    @property
+    def cookies(self) -> Any:
+        return self._resp.cookies
+
+    def json(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        import json as _json
+        return _json.loads(self.content)
+
+    def raise_for_status(self) -> None:
+        if not self.ok:
+            raise HTTPError(
+                f"{self.status_code} {self.reason}: {self.url}",
+                response=self,
+            )
+
+    def iter_content(self, chunk_size: Optional[int] = None) -> Iterator[bytes]:
+        """Re-chunk rnet's variable-size stream into fixed-size pieces."""
+        self._streamed = True
+        if chunk_size is None or chunk_size <= 0:
+            yield from self._resp.stream()
+            return
+
+        buf = bytearray()
+        for chunk in self._resp.stream():
+            buf.extend(chunk)
+            while len(buf) >= chunk_size:
+                yield bytes(buf[:chunk_size])
+                buf = buf[chunk_size:]
+        if buf:
+            yield bytes(buf)
+
+    def stream(self) -> Iterator[bytes]:
+        """Direct pass-through of rnet's native stream iterator."""
+        self._streamed = True
+        yield from self._resp.stream()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            self._resp.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Session headers adapter — persists via client.update()
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class RnetSessionHeaders(CaseInsensitiveDict):
+    """Dict-like headers that persist to the rnet client via update()."""
+
+    def __init__(self, client: Any) -> None:
+        self._client = client
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def _sync(self) -> None:
+        """Push current headers to the rnet client."""
+        if hasattr(self, "_store") and self._store:
+            self._client.update(headers={k: v for k, v in self.items()})
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: str, value: str) -> None:
+        super().__setitem__(key, value)
+        self._sync()
+
+    def update(self, __m: Any = None, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        if __m:
+            if hasattr(__m, "items"):
+                for k, v in __m.items():
+                    super().__setitem__(k, v)
+            else:
+                for k, v in __m:
+                    super().__setitem__(k, v)
+        for k, v in kwargs.items():
+            super().__setitem__(k, v)
+        self._sync()
+
+    def pop(self, key: str, *args: Any) -> Any:
+        result = super().pop(key, *args)
+        # rnet doesn't support removing individual headers, but we track locally
+        # and always send the full set on next update
+        return result
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: str) -> None:
+        super().__delitem__(key)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Session cookies adapter
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class RnetCookieAdapter(MutableMapping):
+    """Cookie adapter that bridges requests-style cookie access to rnet."""
+
+    def __init__(self, client: Any) -> None:
+        self._client = client
+        self._cookies: dict[str, dict[str, str]] = {}  # {domain: {name: value}}
+        self._flat: dict[str, str] = {}  # flat name→value for simple access
+
+    def update(self, other: Any = None, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        if other is None:
+            other = {}
+        if isinstance(other, CookieJar):
+            for cookie in other:
+                domain = cookie.domain or ""
+                name = cookie.name
+                value = cookie.value or ""
+                self._flat[name] = value
+                self._cookies.setdefault(domain, {})[name] = value
+                try:
+                    url = f"https://{domain.lstrip('.')}" if domain else "https://localhost"
+                    self._client.set_cookie(url, rnet.Cookie(name, value))
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+        elif isinstance(other, dict):
+            for name, value in other.items():
+                self._flat[name] = value
+                self._client.set_cookie("https://localhost", rnet.Cookie(name, str(value)))
+            self._flat.update(other)
+        elif hasattr(other, "items"):
+            for name, value in other.items():
+                self._flat[name] = str(value)
+                self._client.set_cookie("https://localhost", rnet.Cookie(name, str(value)))
+
+        for name, value in kwargs.items():
+            self._flat[name] = value
+            self._client.set_cookie("https://localhost", rnet.Cookie(name, value))
+
+    def get(self, name: str, default: Optional[str] = None, domain: Optional[str] = None,
+            path: Optional[str] = None) -> Optional[str]:
+        if domain and domain in self._cookies:
+            return self._cookies[domain].get(name, default)
+        return self._flat.get(name, default)
+
+    def set(self, name: str, value: str, domain: str = "localhost") -> None:
+        self._flat[name] = value
+        self._cookies.setdefault(domain, {})[name] = value
+        url = f"https://{domain.lstrip('.')}"
+        self._client.set_cookie(url, rnet.Cookie(name, value))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name: str) -> str:
+        return self._flat[name]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, name: str, value: str) -> None:
+        self.set(name, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self._flat.pop(name, None)
+        for domain_cookies in self._cookies.values():
+            domain_cookies.pop(name, None)
+
+    def __contains__(self, name: object) -> bool:
+        return name in self._flat
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator:
+        return iter(self._flat)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._flat)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self._flat)
+
+    def items(self) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
+        return list(self._flat.items())
+
+    def keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        return list(self._flat.keys())
+
+    def values(self) -> list[str]:
+        return list(self._flat.values())
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Session proxy adapter
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class RnetProxyDict(dict):
+    """Dict-like proxy config that syncs to the rnet client."""
+
+    def __init__(self, client: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._client = client
+
+    def _sync(self) -> None:
+        proxy = self.get("all") or self.get("https") or self.get("http")
+        if proxy:
+            self._client.update(proxy=proxy)
+
+    def update(self, __m: Any = None, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        super().update(__m or {}, **kwargs)
+        self._sync()
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: str, value: str) -> None:
+        super().__setitem__(key, value)
+        self._sync()
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Exceptions
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class MaxRetriesError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, message: str, cause: Optional[Exception] = None) -> None:
         super().__init__(message)
         self.__cause__ = cause
 
 
-class CurlSession(Session):
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# RnetSession — main session class
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class RnetSession:
+    """
+    TLS-fingerprinted HTTP session powered by rnet (Rust/BoringSSL).
+
+    Drop-in replacement for CurlSession with requests-compatible API.
+    Supports browser impersonation (Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari, OkHttp),
+    retry with exponential backoff, cookie persistence, and proxy support.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         max_retries: int = 5,
         backoff_factor: float = 0.2,
         max_backoff: float = 60.0,
-        status_forcelist: list[int] | None = None,
+        status_forcelist: Optional[list[int]] = None,
-        allowed_methods: set[str] | None = None,
+        allowed_methods: Optional[set[str]] = None,
-        catch_exceptions: tuple[type[Exception], ...] | None = None,
+        catch_exceptions: Optional[tuple[type[Exception], ...]] = None,
         **session_kwargs: Any,
-    ):
+    ) -> None:
-        super().__init__(**session_kwargs)
+        # Extract retry config before passing to rnet
-
         self.max_retries = max_retries
         self.backoff_factor = backoff_factor
         self.max_backoff = max_backoff
         self.status_forcelist = status_forcelist or [429, 500, 502, 503, 504]
         self.allowed_methods = allowed_methods or {"GET", "POST", "HEAD", "OPTIONS", "PUT", "DELETE", "TRACE"}
         self.catch_exceptions = catch_exceptions or (
-            exceptions.ConnectionError,
+            rnet.ConnectionError,
-            exceptions.ProxyError,
+            rnet.TimeoutError,
-            exceptions.SSLError,
+            rnet.RequestError,
-            exceptions.Timeout,
         )
         self.log = logging.getLogger(self.__class__.__name__)
 
-    def get_sleep_time(self, response: Response | None, attempt: int) -> float | None:
+        # Extract rnet-compatible kwargs
+        client_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        for key in ("impersonate", "timeout", "proxy", "verify", "redirect"):
+            if key in session_kwargs:
+                client_kwargs[key] = session_kwargs.pop(key)
+
+        # Always enable cookie store
+        client_kwargs["cookie_store"] = True
+
+        # Handle verify=False
+        self.verify: bool = client_kwargs.pop("verify", True)
+        if not self.verify:
+            client_kwargs["danger_accept_invalid_certs"] = True
+
+        self._client = rnet.BlockingClient(**client_kwargs)
+
+        # Set up attribute adapters
+        self.headers = RnetSessionHeaders(self._client)
+        self.cookies = RnetCookieAdapter(self._client)
+        self.proxies = RnetProxyDict(self._client)
+
+        # Handle initial headers/cookies/proxies from kwargs
+        if "headers" in session_kwargs:
+            self.headers.update(session_kwargs.pop("headers"))
+        if "cookies" in session_kwargs:
+            self.cookies.update(session_kwargs.pop("cookies"))
+        if "proxies" in session_kwargs:
+            self.proxies.update(session_kwargs.pop("proxies"))
+
+    def _build_url(self, url: str, params: Optional[dict] = None) -> str:
+        """URL-encode params dict into the URL (rnet ignores params kwarg)."""
+        if not params:
+            return url
+        parsed = urlparse(url)
+        separator = "&" if parsed.query else ""
+        query = parsed.query + separator + urlencode(params, doseq=True) if parsed.query else urlencode(params, doseq=True)
+        return urlunparse(parsed._replace(query=query))
+
+    def get_sleep_time(self, response: Optional[RnetResponse], attempt: int) -> Optional[float]:
         if response:
             retry_after = response.headers.get("Retry-After")
             if retry_after:
@@ -108,19 +464,42 @@ class CurlSession(Session):
         sleep_time = backoff_value + random.uniform(-jitter, jitter)
         return min(sleep_time, self.max_backoff)
 
-    def request(self, method: str, url: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Response:
+    def request(self, method: str, url: str, **kwargs: Any) -> RnetResponse:
-        if method.upper() not in self.allowed_methods:
+        method_upper = method.upper() if isinstance(method, str) else str(method).upper()
-            return super().request(method, url, **kwargs)
 
-        last_exception = None
+        # Build URL with params
-        response = None
+        url = self._build_url(url, kwargs.pop("params", None))
+
+        # Default allow_redirects=True
+        kwargs.setdefault("allow_redirects", True)
+
+        # Pass verify setting
+        if not self.verify:
+            kwargs.setdefault("verify", False)
+
+        # Remove kwargs rnet doesn't understand
+        kwargs.pop("stream", None)  # rnet responses are always lazy
+
+        # Resolve method enum
+        rnet_method = _METHOD_MAP.get(method_upper)
+        if rnet_method is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported HTTP method: {method}")
+
+        # Skip retry for non-allowed methods
+        if method_upper not in self.allowed_methods:
+            raw_resp = self._client.request(rnet_method, url, **kwargs)
+            return RnetResponse(raw_resp)
+
+        last_exception: Optional[Exception] = None
+        response: Optional[RnetResponse] = None
 
         for attempt in range(self.max_retries + 1):
             try:
-                response = super().request(method, url, **kwargs)
+                raw_resp = self._client.request(rnet_method, url, **kwargs)
+                response = RnetResponse(raw_resp)
                 if response.status_code not in self.status_forcelist:
                     return response
-                last_exception = exceptions.HTTPError(f"Received status code: {response.status_code}")
+                last_exception = HTTPError(f"Received status code: {response.status_code}")
                 self.log.warning(
                     f"{response.status_code} {response.reason}({urlparse(url).path}). Retrying... "
                     f"({attempt + 1}/{self.max_retries})"
@@ -142,120 +521,100 @@ class CurlSession(Session):
 
         raise MaxRetriesError(f"Max retries exceeded for {method} {url}", cause=last_exception)
 
+    def get(self, url: str, **kwargs: Any) -> RnetResponse:
+        return self.request("GET", url, **kwargs)
+
+    def post(self, url: str, **kwargs: Any) -> RnetResponse:
+        return self.request("POST", url, **kwargs)
+
+    def put(self, url: str, **kwargs: Any) -> RnetResponse:
+        return self.request("PUT", url, **kwargs)
+
+    def delete(self, url: str, **kwargs: Any) -> RnetResponse:
+        return self.request("DELETE", url, **kwargs)
+
+    def head(self, url: str, **kwargs: Any) -> RnetResponse:
+        return self.request("HEAD", url, **kwargs)
+
+    def options(self, url: str, **kwargs: Any) -> RnetResponse:
+        return self.request("OPTIONS", url, **kwargs)
+
+    def patch(self, url: str, **kwargs: Any) -> RnetResponse:
+        return self.request("PATCH", url, **kwargs)
+
+    def prepare_request(self, req: Request) -> Request:
+        """Compatibility shim for services using prepared requests."""
+        # Merge session headers into request headers
+        if req.headers:
+            merged = dict(self.headers)
+            merged.update(req.headers)
+            req.headers = merged
+        else:
+            req.headers = dict(self.headers)
+        return req
+
+    def send(self, req: Request, **kwargs: Any) -> RnetResponse:
+        """Compatibility shim for services using prepared requests."""
+        method = req.method or "GET"
+        url = req.url or ""
+
+        send_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if req.headers:
+            send_kwargs["headers"] = dict(req.headers)
+        if req.body:
+            send_kwargs["data"] = req.body
+        if req.json:
+            send_kwargs["json"] = req.json
+
+        send_kwargs.update(kwargs)
+        return self.request(method, url, **send_kwargs)
+
+    def mount(self, prefix: str, adapter: Any) -> None:
+        """No-op — rnet handles TLS and connection pooling natively."""
+        pass
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """No-op — rnet manages its own resources."""
+        pass
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# session() factory
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 
 def session(
-    browser: str | None = None,
+    browser: Optional[str] = None,
-    ja3: str | None = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
-    akamai: str | None = None,
+) -> RnetSession:
-    extra_fp: dict | None = None,
-    **kwargs,
-) -> CurlSession:
     """
-    Create a curl_cffi session that impersonates a browser or custom TLS/HTTP fingerprint.
+    Create an rnet session with TLS fingerprinting (browser/app impersonation).
-
-    This is a full replacement for requests.Session with browser impersonation
-    and anti-bot capabilities. The session uses curl-impersonate under the hood
-    to mimic real browser behavior.
 
     Args:
-        browser: Browser to impersonate (e.g. "chrome124", "firefox", "safari") OR
+        browser: Exact rnet.Impersonate preset name. Examples:
-                 fingerprint preset name (e.g. "okhttp4").
+                 "Chrome131", "OkHttp4_12", "Edge101", "Firefox135",
-                 Uses the configured default from curl_impersonate.browser if not specified.
+                 "Safari18", "OkHttp5", "Opera118"
-                 Available presets: okhttp4, okhttp5
+                 Uses the configured default from config if not specified.
-                 See https://github.com/lexiforest/curl_cffi#sessions for browser options.
+                 See rnet.Impersonate for all available presets.
-        ja3: Custom JA3 TLS fingerprint string (format: "SSLVersion,Ciphers,Extensions,Curves,PointFormats").
+        **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to RnetSession constructor.
-             When provided, curl_cffi will use this exact TLS fingerprint instead of the browser's default.
-             See https://curl-cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/impersonate/customize.html
-        akamai: Custom Akamai HTTP/2 fingerprint string (format: "SETTINGS|WINDOW_UPDATE|PRIORITY|PSEUDO_HEADERS").
-                When provided, curl_cffi will use this exact HTTP/2 fingerprint instead of the browser's default.
-                See https://curl-cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/impersonate/customize.html
-        extra_fp: Additional fingerprint parameters dict for advanced customization.
-                  See https://curl-cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/impersonate/customize.html
-        **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to CurlSession constructor:
-                  - headers: Additional headers (dict)
-                  - cookies: Cookie jar or dict
-                  - auth: HTTP basic auth tuple (username, password)
-                  - proxies: Proxy configuration dict
-                  - verify: SSL certificate verification (bool, default True)
-                  - timeout: Request timeout in seconds (float or tuple)
-                  - allow_redirects: Follow redirects (bool, default True)
-                  - max_redirects: Maximum redirect count (int)
-                  - cert: Client certificate (str or tuple)
-
-                  Extra arguments for retry handler:
-                  - max_retries: Maximum number of retries (int, default 5)
-                  - backoff_factor: Backoff factor (float, default 0.2)
-                  - max_backoff: Maximum backoff time (float, default 60.0)
-                  - status_forcelist: List of status codes to force retry (list, default [429, 500, 502, 503, 504])
-                  - allowed_methods: List of allowed HTTP methods (set, default {"GET", "POST", "HEAD", "OPTIONS", "PUT", "DELETE", "TRACE"})
-                  - catch_exceptions: List of exceptions to catch (tuple, default (exceptions.ConnectionError, exceptions.ProxyError, exceptions.SSLError, exceptions.Timeout))
 
     Returns:
-        curl_cffi.requests.Session configured with browser impersonation or custom fingerprints,
+        RnetSession configured with browser impersonation and retry behavior.
-        common headers, and equivalent retry behavior to requests.Session.
 
     Examples:
-        # Standard browser impersonation
+        session()                               # Default browser from config
-        from unshackle.core.session import session
+        session("OkHttp4_12")                   # OkHttp 4.12 fingerprint
-
+        session("Chrome131")                    # Chrome 131
-        class MyService(Service):
+        session("Edge101", max_retries=3)       # Edge 101 with custom retry
-            @staticmethod
-            def get_session():
-                return session()  # Uses config default browser
-
-        # Use OkHttp 4.x preset for Android TV
-        class AndroidService(Service):
-            @staticmethod
-            def get_session():
-                return session("okhttp4")
-
-        # Custom fingerprint (manual)
-        class CustomService(Service):
-            @staticmethod
-            def get_session():
-                return session(
-                    ja3="771,4865-4866-4867-49195...",
-                    akamai="1:65536;2:0;4:6291456;6:262144|15663105|0|m,a,s,p",
-                )
-
-        # With retry configuration
-        class MyService(Service):
-            @staticmethod
-            def get_session():
-                return session(
-                    "okhttp4",
-                    max_retries=5,
-                    status_forcelist=[429, 500],
-                    allowed_methods={"GET", "HEAD", "OPTIONS"},
-                )
     """
+    if browser is None:
+        browser = config.curl_impersonate.get("browser", "Chrome131")
 
-    if browser and browser in FINGERPRINT_PRESETS:
+    impersonate = _resolve_impersonate(browser)
-        preset = FINGERPRINT_PRESETS[browser]
-        if ja3 is None:
-            ja3 = preset.get("ja3")
-        if akamai is None:
-            akamai = preset.get("akamai")
-        if extra_fp is None:
-            extra_fp = preset.get("extra_fp")
-        browser = None
 
-    if browser is None and ja3 is None and akamai is None:
+    session_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {"impersonate": impersonate}
-        browser = config.curl_impersonate.get("browser", "chrome")
+    session_kwargs.update(kwargs)
 
-    session_config = {}
+    session_obj = RnetSession(**session_kwargs)
-    if browser:
-        session_config["impersonate"] = browser
-
-    if ja3:
-        session_config["ja3"] = ja3
-    if akamai:
-        session_config["akamai"] = akamai
-    if extra_fp:
-        session_config["extra_fp"] = extra_fp
-
-    session_config.update(kwargs)
-
-    session_obj = CurlSession(**session_config)
     session_obj.headers.update(config.headers)
     return session_obj

unshackle/core/tracks/track.py

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ from typing import Any, Callable, Iterable, Optional, Union
 from uuid import UUID
 from zlib import crc32
 
-from curl_cffi.requests import Session as CurlSession
 from langcodes import Language
 from requests import Session
 
@@ -24,6 +23,7 @@ from unshackle.core.constants import DOWNLOAD_CANCELLED, DOWNLOAD_LICENCE_ONLY
 from unshackle.core.downloaders import requests
 from unshackle.core.drm import DRM_T, PlayReady, Widevine
 from unshackle.core.events import events
+from unshackle.core.session import RnetSession
 from unshackle.core.utilities import get_boxes, try_ensure_utf8
 from unshackle.core.utils.subprocess import ffprobe
 
@@ -326,6 +326,9 @@ class Track:
                         ):
                             file_downloaded = status_update.get("file_downloaded")
                             if not file_downloaded:
+                                downloaded = status_update.get("downloaded")
+                                if downloaded and downloaded.endswith("/s"):
+                                    status_update["downloaded"] = f"URL {downloaded}"
                                 progress(**status_update)
 
                         # see https://github.com/devine-dl/devine/issues/71
@@ -584,8 +587,8 @@ class Track:
             raise TypeError(f"Expected url to be a {str}, not {type(url)}")
         if not isinstance(byte_range, (str, type(None))):
             raise TypeError(f"Expected byte_range to be a {str}, not {type(byte_range)}")
-        if not isinstance(session, (Session, CurlSession, type(None))):
+        if not isinstance(session, (Session, RnetSession, type(None))):
-            raise TypeError(f"Expected session to be a {Session} or {CurlSession}, not {type(session)}")
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected session to be a {Session} or {RnetSession}, not {type(session)}")
 
         if not url:
             if self.descriptor != self.Descriptor.URL:
@@ -623,10 +626,11 @@ class Track:
             init_data = res.content
         else:
             init_data = None
-            with session.get(url, stream=True) as s:
+            s = session.get(url, stream=True)
-                for chunk in s.iter_content(content_length):
+            for chunk in s.iter_content(content_length):
-                    init_data = chunk
+                init_data = chunk
-                    break
+                break
+            s.close()
             if not init_data:
                 raise ValueError(f"Failed to read {content_length} bytes from the track URI.")
 

uv.lock

@@ -123,20 +123,6 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ba/98/6775d71cf7d88d554e8394f5ce5cda90041c99fdf1b2b60af02001e8c790/animeapi_py-3.8.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:c29f6e633d17bb613f459aa6514c0baab7ae325881f8a109eb6e4b3be5c22827", size = 26983, upload-time = "2026-02-25T15:29:16.685Z" },
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "anyio"
-version = "4.12.1"
-source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-dependencies = [
-    { name = "exceptiongroup", marker = "python_full_version < '3.11'" },
-    { name = "idna" },
-    { name = "typing-extensions" },
-]
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/96/f0/5eb65b2bb0d09ac6776f2eb54adee6abe8228ea05b20a5ad0e4945de8aac/anyio-4.12.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:41cfcc3a4c85d3f05c932da7c26d0201ac36f72abd4435ba90d0464a3ffed703", size = 228685, upload-time = "2026-01-06T11:45:21.246Z" }
-wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/38/0e/27be9fdef66e72d64c0cdc3cc2823101b80585f8119b5c112c2e8f5f7dab/anyio-4.12.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:d405828884fc140aa80a3c667b8beed277f1dfedec42ba031bd6ac3db606ab6c", size = 113592, upload-time = "2026-01-06T11:45:19.497Z" },
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "appdirs"
 version = "1.4.4"
@@ -442,27 +428,6 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a7/ec/bb273b7208c606890dc36540fe667d06ce840a6f62f9fae7e658fcdc90fb/cssutils-2.11.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a67bfdfdff4f3867fab43698ec4897c1a828eca5973f4073321b3bccaf1199b1", size = 385747, upload-time = "2024-06-04T15:51:37.499Z" },
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "curl-cffi"
-version = "0.13.0"
-source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-dependencies = [
-    { name = "certifi" },
-    { name = "cffi" },
-]
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/4e/3d/f39ca1f8fdf14408888e7c25e15eed63eac5f47926e206fb93300d28378c/curl_cffi-0.13.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:62ecd90a382bd5023750e3606e0aa7cb1a3a8ba41c14270b8e5e149ebf72c5ca", size = 151303, upload-time = "2025-08-06T13:05:42.988Z" }
-wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/19/d1/acabfd460f1de26cad882e5ef344d9adde1507034528cb6f5698a2e6a2f1/curl_cffi-0.13.0-cp39-abi3-macosx_10_9_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:434cadbe8df2f08b2fc2c16dff2779fb40b984af99c06aa700af898e185bb9db", size = 5686337, upload-time = "2025-08-06T13:05:28.985Z" },
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/2c/1c/cdb4fb2d16a0e9de068e0e5bc02094e105ce58a687ff30b4c6f88e25a057/curl_cffi-0.13.0-cp39-abi3-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:59afa877a9ae09efa04646a7d068eeea48915a95d9add0a29854e7781679fcd7", size = 2994613, upload-time = "2025-08-06T13:05:31.027Z" },
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/04/3e/fdf617c1ec18c3038b77065d484d7517bb30f8fb8847224eb1f601a4e8bc/curl_cffi-0.13.0-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:d06ed389e45a7ca97b17c275dbedd3d6524560270e675c720e93a2018a766076", size = 7931353, upload-time = "2025-08-06T13:05:32.273Z" },
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/3d/10/6f30c05d251cf03ddc2b9fd19880f3cab8c193255e733444a2df03b18944/curl_cffi-0.13.0-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_17_i686.manylinux2014_i686.whl", hash = "sha256:b4e0de45ab3b7a835c72bd53640c2347415111b43421b5c7a1a0b18deae2e541", size = 7486378, upload-time = "2025-08-06T13:05:33.672Z" },
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/77/81/5bdb7dd0d669a817397b2e92193559bf66c3807f5848a48ad10cf02bf6c7/curl_cffi-0.13.0-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:8eb4083371bbb94e9470d782de235fb5268bf43520de020c9e5e6be8f395443f", size = 8328585, upload-time = "2025-08-06T13:05:35.28Z" },
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ce/c1/df5c6b4cfad41c08442e0f727e449f4fb5a05f8aa564d1acac29062e9e8e/curl_cffi-0.13.0-cp39-abi3-musllinux_1_1_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:28911b526e8cd4aa0e5e38401bfe6887e8093907272f1f67ca22e6beb2933a51", size = 8739831, upload-time = "2025-08-06T13:05:37.078Z" },
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/1a/91/6dd1910a212f2e8eafe57877bcf97748eb24849e1511a266687546066b8a/curl_cffi-0.13.0-cp39-abi3-musllinux_1_1_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:6d433ffcb455ab01dd0d7bde47109083aa38b59863aa183d29c668ae4c96bf8e", size = 8711908, upload-time = "2025-08-06T13:05:38.741Z" },
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/6d/e4/15a253f9b4bf8d008c31e176c162d2704a7e0c5e24d35942f759df107b68/curl_cffi-0.13.0-cp39-abi3-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:66a6b75ce971de9af64f1b6812e275f60b88880577bac47ef1fa19694fa21cd3", size = 1614510, upload-time = "2025-08-06T13:05:40.451Z" },
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f9/0f/9c5275f17ad6ff5be70edb8e0120fdc184a658c9577ca426d4230f654beb/curl_cffi-0.13.0-cp39-abi3-win_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:d438a3b45244e874794bc4081dc1e356d2bb926dcc7021e5a8fef2e2105ef1d8", size = 1365753, upload-time = "2025-08-06T13:05:41.879Z" },
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "dacite"
 version = "1.9.2"
@@ -490,18 +455,6 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/e8/35/4a113189f7138035a21bd255d30dc7bffc77c942c93b7948d2eac2e22429/ECPy-1.2.5-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:559c92e42406d9d1a6b2b8fc26e6ad7bc985f33903b72f426a56cb1073a25ce3", size = 43075, upload-time = "2020-10-26T11:56:13.613Z" },
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "exceptiongroup"
-version = "1.3.1"
-source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-dependencies = [
-    { name = "typing-extensions" },
-]
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/50/79/66800aadf48771f6b62f7eb014e352e5d06856655206165d775e675a02c9/exceptiongroup-1.3.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:8b412432c6055b0b7d14c310000ae93352ed6754f70fa8f7c34141f91c4e3219", size = 30371, upload-time = "2025-11-21T23:01:54.787Z" }
-wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/8a/0e/97c33bf5009bdbac74fd2beace167cab3f978feb69cc36f1ef79360d6c4e/exceptiongroup-1.3.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a7a39a3bd276781e98394987d3a5701d0c4edffb633bb7a5144577f82c773598", size = 16740, upload-time = "2025-11-21T23:01:53.443Z" },
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "fastjsonschema"
 version = "2.19.1"
@@ -622,43 +575,6 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ab/6e/81d47999aebc1b155f81eca4477a616a70f238a2549848c38983f3c22a82/ftfy-6.3.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7c70eb532015cd2f9adb53f101fb6c7945988d023a085d127d1573dc49dd0083", size = 44821, upload-time = "2024-10-26T00:50:33.425Z" },
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "h11"
-version = "0.16.0"
-source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/01/ee/02a2c011bdab74c6fb3c75474d40b3052059d95df7e73351460c8588d963/h11-0.16.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:4e35b956cf45792e4caa5885e69fba00bdbc6ffafbfa020300e549b208ee5ff1", size = 101250, upload-time = "2025-04-24T03:35:25.427Z" }
-wheels = [
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-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "httpcore"
-version = "1.0.9"
-source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-dependencies = [
-    { name = "certifi" },
-    { name = "h11" },
-]
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     { name = "language-data" },
     { name = "lxml" },
-    { name = "pproxy" },
     { name = "protobuf" },
     { name = "pycaption" },
     { name = "pycountry" },
@@ -1688,6 +1640,7 @@ dependencies = [
     { name = "requests", extra = ["socks"] },
     { name = "rich" },
     { name = "rlaphoenix-m3u8" },
+    { name = "rnet" },
     { name = "ruamel-yaml" },
     { name = "sortedcontainers" },
     { name = "subby" },
@@ -1722,15 +1675,12 @@ requires-dist = [
     { name = "construct", specifier = ">=2.8.8,<3" },
     { name = "crccheck", specifier = ">=1.3.0,<2" },
     { name = "cryptography", specifier = ">=45.0.0,<47" },
-    { name = "curl-cffi", specifier = ">=0.7.0b4,<0.14" },
     { name = "filelock", specifier = ">=3.20.3,<4" },
     { name = "fonttools", specifier = ">=4.60.2,<5" },
-    { name = "httpx", specifier = ">=0.28.1,<0.29" },
     { name = "jsonpickle", specifier = ">=3.0.4,<5" },
     { name = "langcodes", specifier = ">=3.4.0,<4" },
     { name = "language-data", specifier = ">=1.4.0" },
     { name = "lxml", specifier = ">=5.2.1,<7" },
-    { name = "pproxy", specifier = ">=2.7.9,<3" },
     { name = "protobuf", specifier = ">=4.25.3,<7" },
     { name = "pycaption", specifier = ">=2.2.6,<3" },
     { name = "pycountry", specifier = ">=24.6.1" },
@@ -1747,6 +1697,7 @@ requires-dist = [
     { name = "requests", extras = ["socks"], specifier = ">=2.32.5,<3" },
     { name = "rich", specifier = ">=13.7.1,<15" },
     { name = "rlaphoenix-m3u8", specifier = ">=3.4.0,<4" },
+    { name = "rnet", specifier = ">=2.4.2" },
     { name = "ruamel-yaml", specifier = ">=0.18.6,<0.19" },
     { name = "sortedcontainers", specifier = ">=2.4.0,<3" },
     { name = "subby", git = "https://github.com/vevv/subby.git?rev=1ea6a52028c5bea8177c8abc91716d74e4d097e1" },